ANNOUNCEMENT

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Static and dynamic routing, NAT, LAN, WAN

Static routing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Static routing is a data communication concept describing one way of configuring path selection of routers in computer networks. It is the type of routing characterized by the absence of communication between routers regarding the current topology of the network.[1] This is achieved by manually adding routes to the routing table. The opposite of static routing is dynamic routing, sometimes also referred to as adaptive routing. In these systems, routes through a data network are described by fixed paths (statically). These routes are usually entered into the router by the system administrator. An entire network can be configured using static routes, but this type of configuration is not fault tolerant. When there is a change in the network or a failure occurs between two statically defined nodes, traffic will not be rerouted. This means that anything that wishes to take an affected path will either have to wait for the failure to be repaired or the static route to be updated by the administrator before restarting its journey. Most requests will time out (ultimately failing) before these repairs can be made. There are, however, times when static routes can improve the performance of a network. Some of these include stub networks and default routes. Example To configure a static route to network 10.10.20.0/24, pointing to a next-hop router with the IP address of 192.168.100.1, type: (Note that this example is written in the Cisco IOS command line syntax and will only work on certain Cisco routers[2]) Router> enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)# ip route 10.10.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.100.1 The other option is to define a static route with reference to the outgoing interface which is connected to the next hop towards the destination network. Router> enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)# ip route 10.10.20.0 255.255.255.0 Serial 0/0

IP address and subnetting

IP address is an internet protocol address, a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.

IMPLEMENTATION 802. XX

IEEE produce several standardizations has about LAN. This standardization is known with IEEE 802. Several standard has difference in physical layer and sublayer MAC but compatible in layer link data as a whole.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

 

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission media is data that transformed from one place to another is called transmission or communication media. it's physical path between transmitter and receiver, may be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless), communication achieved by using em waves.

OSI and TCP/IP PART III

OSI LAYER

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a prescription of characterizing and standardizing the functions of a communications system in terms of abstraction layers. Similar communication functions are grouped into logical layers. An instance of a layer provides services to its upper layer instances while receiving services from the layer below.

For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of that path. Two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal connection on that layer.

OSI and TCP/IP PART II

Transport Layer

• The Transport Layer's responsibilities include end-to-end message transfer capabilities independent of the underlying network, along with error control, segmentation, flow control, congestion control, and application addressing (port numbers). End to end message transmission or connecting applications at the transport layer can be categorized as either connection-oriented, implemented in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), or connectionless, implemented in User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

• The Transport Layer can be thought of as a transport mechanism, e.g., a vehicle with the responsibility to make sure that its contents (passengers/goods) reach their destination safely and soundly, unless another protocol layer is responsible for safe delivery.

OSI and TCP/IP PART I

The TCP/IP model is a description framework for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. It evolved from ARPANET, which was the world's first wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Model or the DoD Model.

The TCP/IP model, or Internet Protocol Suite, describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

DISCUSSION PROBLEM

Problem no 1

The Meaning Of  Data Transmission

Transmission is the movement of information over a telecommunications medium.  attention to making the transmission channel used to transmit information, as well as to ensure that the information can be accurately and reliably.

So, data transmission is a movement of information over a telecommunications medium, to share information accurately and reliably

NETWORK APPLICATION

Network Application

·         DNS – Domain Name Server

DNS be created to will overcome name conflict host that often will happen when name host will along with address ip- will not be regulated according to centralization. problem DNS is nomenclature pattern invention based on domain has hierarchy and database system invention that distributing for this nomenclature pattern implementation.

NETWORK CONCEPT

NETWORK CONCEPT

Definition of network

Network is two or more computer that are connected for sharing the data and the other tools, for example you can see from the picture below :

                                                                  

Computer network also known as a combination of hardware and software and using cable as a connector for communicating between computers, to exchange information (Odom, 2004)

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network topology

topology indicates at one particular how a end-system manner or work station related to network mutual interconnection and what used technology

A.    Bus Topology

Bus topology has more than two node to connection in medium. Transmission at one particular divide to spread along medium in two directions and acceptable by ananother node. Bus Topology uses coaxial cable in the implementation, in this topology,data is sent in the form of frame and every frame consist of data that sent with header frame that make control information.

Picture of Bus Topology